Danger in the Dust: Valley Fever
Coccidioidomycosis, or “cocci” for short, is the medical term for Valley fever, an infectious disease that affects thousands of people in Arizona every year.
In the desert soils of Arizona, California, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas and Utah a disease is living right under foot, and researchers at UA are trying to find ways to fight it!
Coccidioidomycosis, or “cocci” for short, is the medical term for Valley fever, an infectious disease that affects thousands of people in Arizona every year. Cocci is caused by a fungus, called coccidioides spp., living in the soil of areas that receive little rainfall, with hot summers and mild winters.
Valley fever is one of the most commonly reported infectious diseases in Arizona, and the number of people infected has been increasing in recent years. Most cases of Valley fever clear up without serious complications. However, Valley fever can be deadly. According to the Arizona Department of Health Services, 57 people in Arizona died in 2016 from Valley fever.
Symptoms mimic those of the flu – fatigue, cough, fever – doctors may mistake Valley fever for other diagnoses. The diagnosis becomes challenging when people travel away from affected areas to regions of the country where the disease is less prevalent and often less recognized.
People get Valley fever by breathing in fungal spores that travel through the air when the soil is disturbed. Valley fever is not passed from person to person. Only people who are exposed to cocci by inhaling one of the fungal spores from dust can get Valley fever. Although more than half of the people with cocci exposure never develop any signs of the disease, about 40 percent of people will get sick. Symptoms can range from weeks to months of debilitating symptoms, considered the “mild” form of the disease, to rare, much more severe illnesses where the disease spreads to other parts of the body, sometimes causing life-threatening complications. And because symptoms mimic those of the flu – fatigue, cough, fever – doctors may mistake Valley fever for other diagnoses. The diagnosis becomes challenging when people travel away from affected areas to regions of the country where the disease is less prevalent and often less recognized.
“More than one-third of all cases of pneumonia in Arizona are actually Valley fever,” says John Galgiani, MD, an infectious disease physician and professor of medicine at the University of Arizona College of Medicine – Tucson. “One of the strongest tools we have to combat Valley fever is education, both to patients and to health-care providers.”
Valley fever can affect different people in different ways. African American and Filipino individuals are more vulnerable to the severe form of the disease, presumably due to unidentified genetic variants they carry that influence susceptibility.
Dr. Galgiani is director of the UA Valley Fever Center for Excellence (VFCE), which is combating Valley fever in four ways:
- Helping doctors and patients learn more about this disease.
- Developing faster, more efficient diagnostic tests to help physicians identify patients with Valley fever.
- Testing drugs that might cure Valley fever.
- Developing a vaccine that could prevent people from getting Valley fever in the first place.
“There are more than 25 million people at risk of contracting Valley fever, and we do not yet have a vaccine to prevent it.
“The impact on this population at risk is similar to that of polio before we had a vaccine,” Dr. Galgiani says. “It’s just that polio was a world-wide problem whereas Valley fever risk exist in a relatively small geographic area.”
Drug-makers haven’t had a lot of enthusiasm for investing in Valley fever because there is a small, limited market for treatments and vaccines. But, Valley fever is a significant public health issue, and a significant economic burden for the regions of the country where the disease is common. Cocci costs more than $500 million each year from expenses such as inpatient treatments, outpatient costs and lost work time for people who are sick, Dr. Galgiani says.
Dogs are at risk for Valley fever and are more likely than people to encounter the fungal spores.
Valley fever also is estimated to cost Arizona dog owners at least $60 million annually. Dogs are at risk for Valley fever and are more likely than people to encounter the fungal spores. VCFE is working with regulatory agencies and veterinarians to bring a vaccine to market for canine patients. If the vaccine is effective in dogs, Dr. Galgiani hopes that the transition to humans will be smoother.
Dr. Galgiani and his team are also looking at Valley fever from the genetic level, in collaboration with researchers from the UA Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine. Valley fever can affect different people in different ways. African American and Filipino individuals are more vulnerable to the severe form of the disease, presumably due to unidentified genetic variants they carry that influence susceptibility. Identifying the genetic differences that make some people more susceptible to severe Valley fever could help us understand more about this condition, and help find new ways to fight it in the future.
More on Valley Fever: Five Things You Should Know About Valley Fever
About the Author
Valerie Schaibley, PhD is the Administrator for the Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine at the University of Arizona Health Sciences, where she works to advance precision health in the state of Arizona. She received her PhD in Human Genetics from the University of Michigan and worked for several years in industry, developing genetic tests for precision medicine applications.
About the Author
Kenneth S. Ramos, MD, PhD, PharmB, served as associate vice president for precision health sciences at the University of Arizona Health Sciences, director of the Center for Applied Genetics and Genomic Medicine and the MD-PhD Program, and professor of medicine. In 2019, Dr. Ramos accepted a position as executive director of the Institute of Biosciences and Technology in Houston and assistant vice chancellor for Health Services at The Texas A&M University System.
Dr. Ramos is a physician-scientist with interests in molecular and precision medicine, particularly as it relates to vascular pathology, oncology and chronic diseases of the lung. His translational research program integrates diverse approaches ranging from molecular genetics to population-based studies to elucidate genetic and genomic mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to develop novel approaches and therapies to minimize chronic diseases caused by environmental injury. Ongoing translational studies in his laboratory focus on the study of repetitive genetic elements in the mammalian genome and their role in genome plasticity, toxicity and disease, while clinical studies focus on the development and characterization of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of cancer and chronic pulmonary disease to advance the goals of personalized genomic medicine. He has directed two NIH P30 Centers of Excellence working at the interface between genomics and environmental health and medicine and have provided administrative and scientific leadership for two academic centers focusing on genetics and genomic medicine. He has influenced the career of many scientists through my involvement in several NIH-funded training and career development programs where he has mentored over 100 doctoral, medical, veterinary, undergraduate and high school students, many of whom have gone on to successful careers in academia, medicine, government and industry. He is deeply committed to initiatives that advance precision medicine and its applications to reduce disease burden and health disparities, improve quality of healthcare and reduce costs.